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</head>
<body>
<!-- HEADER -->
<header>
<div class="container nav">
<a href="#" class="brand">
<div class="brand-logo">
<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="#0a0e17" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
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</svg>
</div>
<div class="brand-text">
<h1>CircuitByte</h1>
<p>Decoding the future</p>
</div>
</a>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="#news">News</a></li>
<li><a href="#reviews">Reviews</a></li>
<li><a href="#resources">Developer Resources</a></li>
<li><a href="#hardware">Hardware</a></li>
<li><a href="#software">Software</a></li>
<li><a href="#podcast">Podcast</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<a href="#newsletter" class="nav-cta">Subscribe</a>
</div>
</header>
<!-- HERO -->
<section class="hero">
<div class="container hero-grid">
<div>
<div class="tag">LIVE · CES 2025 COVERAGE</div>
<h2>Independent tech journalism for the <span>curious builder</span>.</h2>
<p>From silicon-level teardowns to enterprise cloud architecture, CircuitByte delivers rigorous reviews, breaking news, and developer-grade resources — without the hype cycle. Trusted by 2.4 million engineers, makers, and IT professionals worldwide.</p>
<div class="hero-ctas">
<a href="#reviews" class="btn btn-primary">Get Started →</a>
<a href="#resources" class="btn btn-ghost">Try Free Resources</a>
</div>
<div class="hero-stats">
<div class="stat"><strong>2,400+</strong><span>Reviews published</span></div>
<div class="stat"><strong>18 yrs</strong><span>Of independent coverage</span></div>
<div class="stat"><strong>99.2%</strong><span>Reader trust score</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="hero-visual">
<img src="https://picsum.photos/800/600?grayscale" alt="Featured hardware teardown">
<div class="hero-badge">
<span class="dot"></span>
<div class="info">
<strong>Featured · GPU Benchmark Lab</strong>
<span>RTX 5090 vs RX 9070 XT — 47 tests, 12 hours</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- NEWS -->
<section id="news">
<div class="container">
<div class="section-head">
<div class="eyebrow">Latest · Tech News</div>
<h3>The stories shaping the industry this week</h3>
<p>Our editorial team monitors over 400 primary sources daily. Below are the dispatches our readers flagged as most consequential — verified, contextualized, and free of sponsored spin.</p>
</div>
<div class="news-grid">
<article class="news-card">
<div class="thumb">
<img src="https://picsum.photos/600/400?random=1" alt="">
<span class="cat">Security</span>
</div>
<div class="body">
<div class="meta"><span>By Mira Chen</span><span>· 4h ago</span></div>
<h4>Post-quantum encryption lands in TLS 1.3 — what it means for your stack</h4>
<p>NIST's finalized ML-KEM standard is now shipping in Chromium and Firefox nightlies. We break down migration paths for legacy services, the performance overhead on embedded systems, and why firmware updates are no longer optional for IoT vendors.</p>
<a href="#" class="read">Read analysis</a>
</div>
</article>
<article class="news-card">
<div class="thumb">
<img src="https://picsum.photos/600/400?random=2" alt="">
<span class="cat">Cloud</span>
</div>
<div class="body">
<div class="meta"><span>By Dev Okonkwo</span><span>· 9h ago</span></div>
<h4>AWS unveils Graviton5 — 2.3× inference perf per watt vs. Graviton4</h4>
<p>Amazon's sixth-generation custom silicon targets the economics of on-device LLM inference. Early benchmarks from our lab show substantial gains in vector search workloads, though memory-bandwidth ceilings remain a concern for large-context transformers.</p>
<a href="#" class="read">Read analysis</a>
</div>
</article>
<article class="news-card">
<div class="thumb">
<img src="https://picsum.photos/600/400?random=3" alt="">
<span class="cat">Open Source</span>
</div>
<div class="body">
<div class="meta"><span>By Priya Raman</span><span>· 1d ago</span></div>
<h4>Linux 6.12 merges real-time PREEMPT_RT by default</h4>
<p>After two decades of patch-set maintenance, deterministic scheduling is now a first-class citizen in the mainline kernel. We interview the maintainers and profile latency improvements across audio, robotics, and high-frequency trading workloads.</p>
<a href="#" class="read">Read analysis</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- REVIEWS -->
<section id="reviews" class="reviews">
<div class="container">
<div class="section-head">
<div class="eyebrow">Hardware Reviews</div>
<h3>Benchmarks you can trust. Opinions you can question.</h3>
<p>Every product we review passes through our in-house metrology lab: thermal chambers, power analyzers, and a 200-test regression suite. We buy retail, never accept loaner units, and publish raw data alongside every score.</p>
</div>
<div class="reviews-layout">
<img src="https://picsum.photos/800/700?random=4" alt="Review lab">
<div class="review-list">
<div class="review-item">
<div class="score">9.2</div>
<div>
<h5>Framework Laptop 16 — Modular, repairable, finally fast enough</h5>
<div class="sub">Laptop · $1,399 · Reviewed 3 days ago</div>
<p>The Ryzen 9 8945HS configuration delivers sustained multi-threaded performance that finally closes the gap with soldered competitors, while the expansion bay system remains the most thoughtful approach to modular I/O we've tested.</p>
<span class="verdict gold">Editor's Choice</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="review-item">
<div class="score">8.7</div>
<div>
<h5>PineTab 2 — A Linux tablet that respects your autonomy</h5>
<div class="sub">Tablet · $399 · Reviewed 1 week ago</div>
<p>Phosh on Wayland has matured considerably since the original. Touch latency is acceptable for note-taking, the M.2 slot is a welcome surprise at this price, and the community firmware updates arrive faster than most OEMs ship security patches.</p>
<span class="verdict green">Recommended</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="review-item">
<div class="score">7.9</div>
<div>
<h5>Samsung 990 Pro 4TB — Fast, but the thermal story is complicated</h5>
<div class="sub">Storage · $329 · Reviewed 2 weeks ago</div>
<p>Sequential reads hold steady at 7,400 MB/s in our sustained write test — but only with active cooling. In a passively-cooled NAS enclosure, throttling kicked in within 47 seconds. A drive that demands you read the fine print.</p>
<span class="verdict gold">Solid pick</span>
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<h4>🔧 Quick Troubleshooter</h4>
<p class="lead">Describe your symptom — get a ranked list of likely causes and the first command to run.</p>
<div class="ts-step">
<label>What's the symptom?</label>
<select id="ts-symptom">
<option value="">Select one…</option>
<option value="boot">System won't boot (black screen)</option>
<option value="slow">System is unusually slow</option>
<option value="net">Network drops intermittently</option>
<option value="thermal">Fans run loud, system throttles</option>
<option value="disk">Disk I/O errors or slow writes</option>
</select>
</div>
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<label>Operating system</label>
<select id="ts-os">
<option value="linux">Linux (any distro)</option>
<option value="win">Windows 10 / 11</option>
<option value="mac">macOS</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="ts-step">
<label>When did it start?</label>
<select id="ts-when">
<option value="after-update">Right after a firmware / OS update</option>
<option value="gradual">Gradually over weeks</option>
<option value="sudden">Suddenly, no changes made</option>
<option value="new-hw">After adding new hardware</option>
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<script>
document.getElementById('yr').textContent = new Date().getFullYear();
const diag = {
boot: {
linux: {title:'Likely: bootloader or initramfs misconfiguration',
cause:'After a firmware update, the EFI boot entry often points to a kernel that no longer exists on disk, or the initramfs was regenerated without the storage driver your root filesystem needs.',
cmd:'sudo efibootmgr -v && sudo journalctl -b -1 -p err'},
win: {title:'Likely: corrupted BCD or failing boot drive',
cause:'Windows Boot Manager entries can become orphaned after a firmware update or a drive-letter change. Intermittent boot failures also correlate with SMART-predicted SSD degradation.',
cmd:'bcdboot C:\\Windows /s S: /f UEFI && chkdsk C: /f'},
mac: {title:'Likely: NVRAM corruption or failing SSD',
cause:'A black screen after a firmware update often indicates NVRAM variables pointing to an unbootable volume. Apple Silicon Macs additionally rely on the iBoot chain, which can stall if the SEP firmware is mismatched.',
cmd:'Hold power button → Options → Disk Utility → First Aid'}
},
slow: {
linux: {title:'Likely: I/O wait from a stalled process or thermal throttling',
cause:'Check top for processes in D state (uninterruptible sleep), often caused by a failing drive or an NFS mount timing out. Thermal throttling on laptops is the second most common cause of gradual slowdowns.',
cmd:'top -b -n 1 | awk \'$8=="D"\' && sensors && iostat -xz 1'},
win: {title:'Likely: background indexing, telemetry, or thermal throttling',
cause:'Windows Search indexing and SysMain (formerly Superfetch) can saturate mechanical drives. On laptops, verify the power plan hasn\'t dropped to "Power saver" after a firmware update.',
cmd:'perfmon /report && powercfg /query'},
mac: {title:'Likely: Spotlight re-indexing or memory pressure',
cause:'After a macOS update, Spotlight often re-indexes the entire drive for 24–48 hours. Activity Monitor\'s Memory tab will show swap usage if RAM is saturated.',
cmd:'sudo mdutil -s / && top -l 1 | head -12'}
},
net: {
linux: {title:'Likely: Wi-Fi power management or DNS resolution',
cause:'Most intermittent Linux Wi-Fi drops trace back to aggressive power-save on the wireless NIC, or to a DNS resolver that\'s timing out under load. Disable power management first.',
cmd:'sudo iw dev wlan0 set power_save off && resolvectl status'},
win: {title:'Likely: NIC driver power management or DNS cache',
cause:'Windows frequently allows the device to turn off the network adapter to save power — the single most common cause of intermittent drops. Flush DNS next.',
cmd:'powercfg /devicedisablewake "Your NIC" && ipconfig /flushdns'},
mac: {title:'Likely: Wi-Fi channel congestion or DNS',
cause:'Hold Option and click the Wi-Fi icon to see channel utilization. In dense apartments, switching to 5 GHz or a less-crowded 2.4 GHz channel resolves 70% of drop cases.',
cmd:'networksetup -getdnsservers Wi-Fi && sudo dscacheutil -flushcache'}
},
thermal: {
linux: {title:'Likely: dried thermal paste or dust-clogged heatsink',
cause:'If throttling began gradually over weeks, it\'s almost always thermal interface degradation or dust accumulation. A 10–15°C rise in idle temps is the tell.',
cmd:'sensors && cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*/temp && turbostat'},
win: {title:'Likely: fan curve misconfiguration or dust',
cause:'OEM fan curves sometimes reset after a BIOS/firmware update. Check your vendor\'s control utility first, then physically inspect the heatsink.',
cmd:'wmic path Win32_Fan get * && powercfg /energy'},
mac: {title:'Likely: dust or failing fan',
cause:'Apple\'s SMC manages fan curves automatically. If fans are loud but temps are low, the fan itself may be failing. If both are high, the thermal paste on Intel Macs is likely dried out.',
cmd:'sudo powermetrics --samplers smc -i 1000 -n 1'}
},
disk: {
linux: {title:'Likely: SMART-predicted failure or filesystem corruption',
cause:'Check SMART attributes 5 (Reallocated_Sector_Ct) and 197 (Current_Pending_Sector). Any non-zero value means the drive is actively failing — back up immediately.',
cmd:'sudo smartctl -a /dev/sdX && sudo fsck -f /dev/sdX1'},
win: {title:'Likely: failing SSD or TRIM not running',
cause:'Run a vendor-specific diagnostic first (Samsung Magician, WD Dashboard, etc.). On SSDs, slow writes often indicate TRIM isn\'t running or the drive has exhausted its SLC cache.',
cmd:'wmic diskdrive get status && optimize-volume -DriveLetter C -ReTrim -Verbose'},
mac: {title:'Likely: APFS container issue or failing SSD',
cause:'Disk Utility\'s First Aid catches most APFS inconsistencies. For SSDs, check the "Percentage Used" SMART attribute via the drive vendor\'s tool.',
cmd:'diskutil verifyVolume / && system_profiler SPStorageDataType'}
}
};
function runDiag(){
const s=document.getElementById('ts-symptom').value;
const o=document.getElementById('ts-os').value;
const w=document.getElementById('ts-when').value;
const r=document.getElementById('ts-result');
if(!s){r.className='ts-result show';r.innerHTML='<strong style="color:var(--warn)">Please select a symptom</strong>';return;}
const d=diag[s][o];
let whenNote='';
if(w==='after-update') whenNote='<br><br><em style="color:var(--warn)">⚠ Since this began after an update, also verify the firmware version matches your hardware revision — mismatched firmware is the #1 cause of post-update regressions.</em>';
if(w==='new-hw') whenNote='<br><br><em style="color:var(--warn)">⚠ New hardware suggests a compatibility or power issue. Reseat the component, verify PSU headroom, and test in isolation.</em>';
r.className='ts-result show';
r.innerHTML=`<strong>${d.title}</strong>${d.cause}${whenNote}<code>$ ${d.cmd}</code>`;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
View Axe Report (JSON)
{
"testEngine": {
"name": "axe-core",
"version": "4.10.2"
},
"testRunner": {
"name": "axe"
},
"testEnvironment": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) HeadlessChrome/156.0.8078.4 Safari/537.36",
"windowWidth": 1280,
"windowHeight": 720,
"orientationAngle": 0,
"orientationType": "landscape-primary"
},
"timestamp": "2026-11-12T09:43:15.446Z",
"url": "https://benchmark.aimac.invalid/6965889e326411254974ffbf20275e4a0cb7d0e4fe05975a938ac10ac9e69238.html",
"toolOptions": {
"runOnly": {
"type": "tag",
"values": [
"wcag2a",
"wcag2aa",
"wcag21a",
"wcag21aa",
"wcag22a",
"wcag22aa"
]
},
"resultTypes": [
"violations"
],
"reporter": "v1"
},
"inapplicable": [
{
"id": "area-alt",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag244",
"wcag412",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"TTv5",
"TT6.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.2.4.4",
"EN-9.4.1.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure <area> elements of image maps have alternative text",
"help": "Active <area> elements must have alternative text",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/area-alt?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-braille-equivalent",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure aria-braillelabel and aria-brailleroledescription have a non-braille equivalent",
"help": "aria-braille attributes must have a non-braille equivalent",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-braille-equivalent?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-command-name",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"TTv5",
"TT6.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure every ARIA button, link and menuitem has an accessible name",
"help": "ARIA commands must have an accessible name",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-command-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-deprecated-role",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure elements do not use deprecated roles",
"help": "Deprecated ARIA roles must not be used",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-deprecated-role?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-hidden-focus",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.name-role-value",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"TTv5",
"TT6.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure aria-hidden elements are not focusable nor contain focusable elements",
"help": "ARIA hidden element must not be focusable or contain focusable elements",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-hidden-focus?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-input-field-name",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"TTv5",
"TT5.c",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure every ARIA input field has an accessible name",
"help": "ARIA input fields must have an accessible name",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-input-field-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-meter-name",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.1.1"
],
"description": "Ensure every ARIA meter node has an accessible name",
"help": "ARIA meter nodes must have an accessible name",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-meter-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-progressbar-name",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.1.1"
],
"description": "Ensure every ARIA progressbar node has an accessible name",
"help": "ARIA progressbar nodes must have an accessible name",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-progressbar-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-required-attr",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes",
"help": "Required ARIA attributes must be provided",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-required-attr?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-required-children",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.3.1"
],
"description": "Ensure elements with an ARIA role that require child roles contain them",
"help": "Certain ARIA roles must contain particular children",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-required-children?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-required-parent",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.3.1"
],
"description": "Ensure elements with an ARIA role that require parent roles are contained by them",
"help": "Certain ARIA roles must be contained by particular parents",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-required-parent?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-roles",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure all elements with a role attribute use a valid value",
"help": "ARIA roles used must conform to valid values",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-roles?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-toggle-field-name",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"TTv5",
"TT5.c",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure every ARIA toggle field has an accessible name",
"help": "ARIA toggle fields must have an accessible name",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-toggle-field-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "aria-tooltip-name",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure every ARIA tooltip node has an accessible name",
"help": "ARIA tooltip nodes must have an accessible name",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-tooltip-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "autocomplete-valid",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.forms",
"wcag21aa",
"wcag135",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.3.5",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure the autocomplete attribute is correct and suitable for the form field",
"help": "autocomplete attribute must be used correctly",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/autocomplete-valid?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "blink",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.time-and-media",
"wcag2a",
"wcag222",
"section508",
"section508.22.j",
"TTv5",
"TT2.b",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.2.2.2"
],
"description": "Ensure <blink> elements are not used",
"help": "<blink> elements are deprecated and must not be used",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/blink?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "definition-list",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.structure",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.3.1"
],
"description": "Ensure <dl> elements are structured correctly",
"help": "<dl> elements must only directly contain properly-ordered <dt> and <dd> groups, <script>, <template> or <div> elements",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/definition-list?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "dlitem",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.structure",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.3.1"
],
"description": "Ensure <dt> and <dd> elements are contained by a <dl>",
"help": "<dt> and <dd> elements must be contained by a <dl>",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/dlitem?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "duplicate-id-aria",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.parsing",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure every id attribute value used in ARIA and in labels is unique",
"help": "IDs used in ARIA and labels must be unique",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/duplicate-id-aria?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "frame-focusable-content",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.keyboard",
"wcag2a",
"wcag211",
"TTv5",
"TT4.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.2.1.1"
],
"description": "Ensure <frame> and <iframe> elements with focusable content do not have tabindex=-1",
"help": "Frames with focusable content must not have tabindex=-1",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/frame-focusable-content?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "frame-title-unique",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"TTv5",
"TT12.d",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure <iframe> and <frame> elements contain a unique title attribute",
"help": "Frames must have a unique title attribute",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/frame-title-unique?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "frame-title",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"section508",
"section508.22.i",
"TTv5",
"TT12.d",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure <iframe> and <frame> elements have an accessible name",
"help": "Frames must have an accessible name",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/frame-title?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "html-xml-lang-mismatch",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.language",
"wcag2a",
"wcag311",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.3.1.1",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure that HTML elements with both valid lang and xml:lang attributes agree on the base language of the page",
"help": "HTML elements with lang and xml:lang must have the same base language",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/html-xml-lang-mismatch?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "input-button-name",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.name-role-value",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"TTv5",
"TT5.c",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure input buttons have discernible text",
"help": "Input buttons must have discernible text",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/input-button-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "input-image-alt",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"wcag412",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"TTv5",
"TT7.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.1.1",
"EN-9.4.1.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure <input type=\"image\"> elements have alternative text",
"help": "Image buttons must have alternative text",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/input-image-alt?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "marquee",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.parsing",
"wcag2a",
"wcag222",
"TTv5",
"TT2.b",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.2.2.2"
],
"description": "Ensure <marquee> elements are not used",
"help": "<marquee> elements are deprecated and must not be used",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/marquee?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "meta-refresh",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.time-and-media",
"wcag2a",
"wcag221",
"TTv5",
"TT8.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.2.2.1"
],
"description": "Ensure <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
"help": "Delayed refresh under 20 hours must not be used",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/meta-refresh?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "object-alt",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.1.1"
],
"description": "Ensure <object> elements have alternative text",
"help": "<object> elements must have alternative text",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/object-alt?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "role-img-alt",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"TTv5",
"TT7.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.1.1",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure [role=\"img\"] elements have alternative text",
"help": "[role=\"img\"] elements must have an alternative text",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/role-img-alt?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "scrollable-region-focusable",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.keyboard",
"wcag2a",
"wcag211",
"wcag213",
"TTv5",
"TT4.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.2.1.1",
"EN-9.2.1.3"
],
"description": "Ensure elements that have scrollable content are accessible by keyboard",
"help": "Scrollable region must have keyboard access",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/scrollable-region-focusable?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "server-side-image-map",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag211",
"section508",
"section508.22.f",
"TTv5",
"TT4.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.2.1.1"
],
"description": "Ensure that server-side image maps are not used",
"help": "Server-side image maps must not be used",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/server-side-image-map?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "summary-name",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.name-role-value",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"TTv5",
"TT6.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure summary elements have discernible text",
"help": "Summary elements must have discernible text",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/summary-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "svg-img-alt",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"TTv5",
"TT7.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.1.1",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure <svg> elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have an accessible text",
"help": "<svg> elements with an img role must have an alternative text",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/svg-img-alt?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "td-headers-attr",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.tables",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131",
"section508",
"section508.22.g",
"TTv5",
"TT14.b",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.3.1"
],
"description": "Ensure that each cell in a table that uses the headers attribute refers only to other cells in that table",
"help": "Table cells that use the headers attribute must only refer to cells in the same table",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/td-headers-attr?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "th-has-data-cells",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.tables",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131",
"section508",
"section508.22.g",
"TTv5",
"TT14.b",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.3.1"
],
"description": "Ensure that <th> elements and elements with role=columnheader/rowheader have data cells they describe",
"help": "Table headers in a data table must refer to data cells",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/th-has-data-cells?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "valid-lang",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.language",
"wcag2aa",
"wcag312",
"TTv5",
"TT11.b",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.3.1.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure lang attributes have valid values",
"help": "lang attribute must have a valid value",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/valid-lang?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "video-caption",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag122",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"TTv5",
"TT17.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.2.2"
],
"description": "Ensure <video> elements have captions",
"help": "<video> elements must have captions",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/video-caption?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
},
{
"id": "no-autoplay-audio",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.time-and-media",
"wcag2a",
"wcag142",
"TTv5",
"TT2.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.4.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure <video> or <audio> elements do not autoplay audio for more than 3 seconds without a control mechanism to stop or mute the audio",
"help": "<video> or <audio> elements must not play automatically",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/no-autoplay-audio?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": []
}
],
"passes": [
{
"id": "aria-allowed-attr",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure an element's role supports its ARIA attributes",
"help": "Elements must only use supported ARIA attributes",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-allowed-attr?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [
{
"id": "aria-allowed-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attributes are used correctly for the defined role"
}
],
"none": [
{
"id": "aria-unsupported-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute is supported"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"#\" aria-label=\"Twitter\"><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M18.244 2.25h3.308l-7.227 8.26 8.502 11.24H16.17l-5.214-6.817L4.99 21.75H1.68l7.73-8.835L1.254 2.25H8.08l4.713 6.231zm-1.161 17.52h1.833L7.084 4.126H5.117z\"></path></svg></a>",
"target": [
"a[aria-label=\"Twitter\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-conditional-attr",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure ARIA attributes are used as described in the specification of the element's role",
"help": "ARIA attributes must be used as specified for the element's role",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-conditional-attr?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [
{
"id": "aria-conditional-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "ARIA attribute is allowed"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"#\" aria-label=\"Twitter\"><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M18.244 2.25h3.308l-7.227 8.26 8.502 11.24H16.17l-5.214-6.817L4.99 21.75H1.68l7.73-8.835L1.254 2.25H8.08l4.713 6.231zm-1.161 17.52h1.833L7.084 4.126H5.117z\"></path></svg></a>",
"target": [
"a[aria-label=\"Twitter\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-hidden-body",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131",
"wcag412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.3.1",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure aria-hidden=\"true\" is not present on the document body.",
"help": "aria-hidden=\"true\" must not be present on the document body",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-hidden-body?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-hidden-body",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "No aria-hidden attribute is present on document body"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<body>",
"target": [
"body"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure ARIA attributes are not prohibited for an element's role",
"help": "Elements must only use permitted ARIA attributes",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-prohibited-attr?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "ARIA attribute is allowed"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"#\" aria-label=\"Twitter\"><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M18.244 2.25h3.308l-7.227 8.26 8.502 11.24H16.17l-5.214-6.817L4.99 21.75H1.68l7.73-8.835L1.254 2.25H8.08l4.713 6.231zm-1.161 17.52h1.833L7.084 4.126H5.117z\"></path></svg></a>",
"target": [
"a[aria-label=\"Twitter\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure all ARIA attributes have valid values",
"help": "ARIA attributes must conform to valid values",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-valid-attr-value?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute values are valid"
},
{
"id": "aria-errormessage",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "aria-errormessage exists and references elements visible to screen readers that use a supported aria-errormessage technique"
},
{
"id": "aria-level",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "aria-level values are valid"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"#\" aria-label=\"Twitter\"><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M18.244 2.25h3.308l-7.227 8.26 8.502 11.24H16.17l-5.214-6.817L4.99 21.75H1.68l7.73-8.835L1.254 2.25H8.08l4.713 6.231zm-1.161 17.52h1.833L7.084 4.126H5.117z\"></path></svg></a>",
"target": [
"a[aria-label=\"Twitter\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.aria",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure attributes that begin with aria- are valid ARIA attributes",
"help": "ARIA attributes must conform to valid names",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/aria-valid-attr?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "aria-valid-attr",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "ARIA attribute name is valid"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"#\" aria-label=\"Twitter\"><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\"><path d=\"M18.244 2.25h3.308l-7.227 8.26 8.502 11.24H16.17l-5.214-6.817L4.99 21.75H1.68l7.73-8.835L1.254 2.25H8.08l4.713 6.231zm-1.161 17.52h1.833L7.084 4.126H5.117z\"></path></svg></a>",
"target": [
"a[aria-label=\"Twitter\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "avoid-inline-spacing",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.structure",
"wcag21aa",
"wcag1412",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.4.12",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure that text spacing set through style attributes can be adjusted with custom stylesheets",
"help": "Inline text spacing must be adjustable with custom stylesheets",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/avoid-inline-spacing?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [
{
"id": "important-letter-spacing",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Letter-spacing in the style attribute is not set to !important, or meets the minimum"
},
{
"id": "important-word-spacing",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "word-spacing in the style attribute is not set to !important, or meets the minimum"
},
{
"id": "important-line-height",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "line-height in the style attribute is not set to !important, or meets the minimum"
}
],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button class=\"btn btn-primary\" style=\"width:100%;justify-content:center\" onclick=\"runDiag()\">Run diagnostics</button>",
"target": [
"button[onclick=\"runDiag()\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "button-name",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.name-role-value",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"TTv5",
"TT6.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure buttons have discernible text",
"help": "Buttons must have discernible text",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/button-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "button-has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has inner text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<button class=\"btn btn-primary\" style=\"width:100%;justify-content:center\" onclick=\"runDiag()\">Run diagnostics</button>",
"target": [
"button[onclick=\"runDiag()\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "bypass",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.keyboard",
"wcag2a",
"wcag241",
"section508",
"section508.22.o",
"TTv5",
"TT9.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.2.4.1"
],
"description": "Ensure each page has at least one mechanism for a user to bypass navigation and jump straight to the content",
"help": "Page must have means to bypass repeated blocks",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/bypass?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "internal-link-present",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Valid skip link found"
},
{
"id": "header-present",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<h1>CircuitByte</h1>",
"target": [
".nav > .brand[href=\"#\"] > .brand-text > h1"
]
},
{
"html": "<h2>Independent tech journalism for the <span>curious builder</span>.</h2>",
"target": [
"h2"
]
},
{
"html": "<h3>The stories shaping the industry this week</h3>",
"target": [
"#news > .container > .section-head > h3"
]
},
{
"html": "<h4>Post-quantum encryption lands in TLS 1.3 \u2014 what it means for your stack</h4>",
"target": [
"article:nth-child(1) > .body > h4"
]
},
{
"html": "<h4>AWS unveils Graviton5 \u2014 2.3\u00d7 inference perf per watt vs. Graviton4</h4>",
"target": [
"article:nth-child(2) > .body > h4"
]
},
{
"html": "<h4>Linux 6.12 merges real-time PREEMPT_RT by default</h4>",
"target": [
"article:nth-child(3) > .body > h4"
]
},
{
"html": "<h3>Benchmarks you can trust. Opinions you can question.</h3>",
"target": [
"#reviews > .container > .section-head > h3"
]
},
{
"html": "<h5>Framework Laptop 16 \u2014 Modular, repairable, finally fast enough</h5>",
"target": [
".review-item:nth-child(1) > div:nth-child(2) > h5"
]
},
{
"html": "<h5>PineTab 2 \u2014 A Linux tablet that respects your autonomy</h5>",
"target": [
".review-item:nth-child(2) > div:nth-child(2) > h5"
]
},
{
"html": "<h5>Samsung 990 Pro 4TB \u2014 Fast, but the thermal story is complicated</h5>",
"target": [
".review-item:nth-child(3) > div:nth-child(2) > h5"
]
},
{
"html": "<h3>Practical tools for people who ship software</h3>",
"target": [
"#resources > .container > .section-head > h3"
]
},
{
"html": "<h5>Cloud-native Playbooks</h5>",
"target": [
".resource-card:nth-child(1) > h5"
]
},
{
"html": "<h5>Silicon Deep-Dives</h5>",
"target": [
".resource-card:nth-child(2) > h5"
]
},
{
"html": "<h5>Security Bulletins</h5>",
"target": [
".resource-card:nth-child(3) > h5"
]
},
{
"html": "<h5>Benchmark Database</h5>",
"target": [
".resource-card:nth-child(4) > h5"
]
},
{
"html": "<h4>\ud83d\udd27 Quick Troubleshooter</h4>",
"target": [
"#troubleshooter > h4"
]
},
{
"html": "<h3>Why engineers keep us in their RSS reader</h3>",
"target": [
".testimonials > .container > .section-head > h3"
]
},
{
"html": "<h3>The CircuitByte Dispatch</h3>",
"target": [
".newsletter > h3"
]
},
{
"html": "<h1>CircuitByte</h1>",
"target": [
".foot-brand > .brand[href=\"#\"] > .brand-text > h1"
]
},
{
"html": "<h6>Sections</h6>",
"target": [
".foot-col:nth-child(2) > h6"
]
},
{
"html": "<h6>Resources</h6>",
"target": [
".foot-col:nth-child(3) > h6"
]
},
{
"html": "<h6>Contact</h6>",
"target": [
".foot-col:nth-child(4) > h6"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Page has a heading"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<html lang=\"en\">",
"target": [
"html"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"impact": "serious",
"tags": [
"cat.color",
"wcag2aa",
"wcag143",
"TTv5",
"TT13.c",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.4.3",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA minimum contrast ratio thresholds",
"help": "Elements must meet minimum color contrast ratio thresholds",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/color-contrast?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": "#e6ecf5",
"bgColor": "#0a0e17",
"contrastRatio": 16.24,
"fontSize": "13.5pt (18px)",
"fontWeight": "bold",
"messageKey": null,
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1",
"shadowColor": null
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has sufficient color contrast of 16.24"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<h1>CircuitByte</h1>",
"target": [
".nav > .brand[href=\"#\"] > .brand-text > h1"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "document-title",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag242",
"TTv5",
"TT12.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.2.4.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure each HTML document contains a non-empty <title> element",
"help": "Documents must have <title> element to aid in navigation",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/document-title?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "doc-has-title",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Document has a non-empty <title> element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<html lang=\"en\">",
"target": [
"html"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "form-field-multiple-labels",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.forms",
"wcag2a",
"wcag332",
"TTv5",
"TT5.c",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.3.3.2"
],
"description": "Ensure form field does not have multiple label elements",
"help": "Form field must not have multiple label elements",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/form-field-multiple-labels?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "multiple-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "moderate",
"message": "Form field does not have multiple label elements"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<select id=\"ts-symptom\">",
"target": [
"#ts-symptom"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "html-has-lang",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.language",
"wcag2a",
"wcag311",
"TTv5",
"TT11.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.3.1.1",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure every HTML document has a lang attribute",
"help": "<html> element must have a lang attribute",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/html-has-lang?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-lang",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "The <html> element has a lang attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<html lang=\"en\">",
"target": [
"html"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "html-lang-valid",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.language",
"wcag2a",
"wcag311",
"TTv5",
"TT11.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.3.1.1",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure the lang attribute of the <html> element has a valid value",
"help": "<html> element must have a valid value for the lang attribute",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/html-lang-valid?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "valid-lang",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Value of lang attribute is included in the list of valid languages"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<html lang=\"en\">",
"target": [
"html"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "image-alt",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.text-alternatives",
"wcag2a",
"wcag111",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"TTv5",
"TT7.a",
"TT7.b",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.1.1",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure <img> elements have alternative text or a role of none or presentation",
"help": "Images must have alternative text",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/image-alt?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-alt",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has an alt attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "alt-space-value",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has a valid alt attribute value"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<img src=\"https://picsum.photos/800/600?grayscale\" alt=\"Featured hardware teardown\">",
"target": [
"img[alt=\"Featured hardware teardown\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "label",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.forms",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"section508",
"section508.22.n",
"TTv5",
"TT5.c",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure every form element has a label",
"help": "Form elements must have labels",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/label?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "non-empty-placeholder",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has a placeholder attribute"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "hidden-explicit-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Form element has a visible explicit <label>"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<input type=\"email\" placeholder=\"you@domain.com\" required=\"\">",
"target": [
"input"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "link-in-text-block",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.color",
"wcag2a",
"wcag141",
"TTv5",
"TT13.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.4.1"
],
"description": "Ensure links are distinguished from surrounding text in a way that does not rely on color",
"help": "Links must be distinguishable without relying on color",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/link-in-text-block?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "link-in-text-block-style",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<div class=\"resource-card\">",
"target": [
".resource-card:nth-child(1)"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Links can be distinguished from surrounding text by visual styling"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"#\">Browse 42 guides \u2192</a>",
"target": [
".resource-card:nth-child(1) > a[href=\"#\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "link-name",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.name-role-value",
"wcag2a",
"wcag244",
"wcag412",
"section508",
"section508.22.a",
"TTv5",
"TT6.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.2.4.4",
"EN-9.4.1.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure links have discernible text",
"help": "Links must have discernible text",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/link-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "has-visible-text",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "focusable-no-name",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"#\" class=\"brand\">",
"target": [
".nav > .brand[href=\"#\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "list",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.structure",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.3.1"
],
"description": "Ensure that lists are structured correctly",
"help": "<ul> and <ol> must only directly contain <li>, <script> or <template> elements",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/list?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [],
"all": [],
"none": [
{
"id": "only-listitems",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List element only has direct children that are allowed inside <li> elements"
}
],
"impact": null,
"html": "<ul>",
"target": [
"nav > ul"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "listitem",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.structure",
"wcag2a",
"wcag131",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.3.1"
],
"description": "Ensure <li> elements are used semantically",
"help": "<li> elements must be contained in a <ul> or <ol>",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/listitem?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "listitem",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<li><a href=\"#news\">News</a></li>",
"target": [
"nav > ul > li:nth-child(1)"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "meta-viewport",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.sensory-and-visual-cues",
"wcag2aa",
"wcag144",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.4.4",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure <meta name=\"viewport\"> does not disable text scaling and zooming",
"help": "Zooming and scaling must not be disabled",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/meta-viewport?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "meta-viewport",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "<meta> tag does not disable zooming on mobile devices"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">",
"target": [
"meta[name=\"viewport\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "nested-interactive",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.keyboard",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"TTv5",
"TT6.a",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2"
],
"description": "Ensure interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies",
"help": "Interactive controls must not be nested",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/nested-interactive?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "no-focusable-content",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element does not have focusable descendants"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<img src=\"https://picsum.photos/800/600?grayscale\" alt=\"Featured hardware teardown\">",
"target": [
"img[alt=\"Featured hardware teardown\"]"
]
}
]
},
{
"id": "target-size",
"impact": null,
"tags": [
"cat.sensory-and-visual-cues",
"wcag22aa",
"wcag258"
],
"description": "Ensure touch targets have sufficient size and space",
"help": "All touch targets must be 24px large, or leave sufficient space",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/target-size?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "target-size",
"data": {
"minSize": 24,
"width": 213.2,
"height": 46.4
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Control has sufficient size (213.2px by 46.4px, should be at least 24px by 24px)"
},
{
"id": "target-offset",
"data": {
"closestOffset": 24,
"minOffset": 24
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Target has sufficient space from its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of 24px which is at least 24px."
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": null,
"html": "<a href=\"#\" class=\"brand\">",
"target": [
".nav > .brand[href=\"#\"]"
]
}
]
}
],
"incomplete": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"impact": "serious",
"tags": [
"cat.color",
"wcag2aa",
"wcag143",
"TTv5",
"TT13.c",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.1.4.3",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA minimum contrast ratio thresholds",
"help": "Elements must meet minimum color contrast ratio thresholds",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/color-contrast?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "color-contrast",
"data": {
"fgColor": null,
"bgColor": null,
"contrastRatio": 0,
"fontSize": "10.5pt (14px)",
"fontWeight": "normal",
"messageKey": "bgGradient",
"expectedContrastRatio": "4.5:1",
"shadowColor": null
},
"relatedNodes": [
{
"html": "<a href=\"#newsletter\" class=\"nav-cta\">Subscribe</a>",
"target": [
".nav-cta"
]
}
],
"impact": "serious",
"message": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background gradient"
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "serious",
"html": "<a href=\"#newsletter\" class=\"nav-cta\">Subscribe</a>",
"target": [
".nav-cta"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element's background color could not be determined due to a background gradient"
}
]
}
],
"violations": [
{
"id": "select-name",
"impact": "critical",
"tags": [
"cat.forms",
"wcag2a",
"wcag412",
"section508",
"section508.22.n",
"TTv5",
"TT5.c",
"EN-301-549",
"EN-9.4.1.2",
"ACT"
],
"description": "Ensure select element has an accessible name",
"help": "Select element must have an accessible name",
"helpUrl": "https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.10/select-name?application=axeAPI",
"nodes": [
{
"any": [
{
"id": "implicit-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>"
},
{
"id": "explicit-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element does not have an explicit <label>"
},
{
"id": "aria-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "aria-label attribute does not exist or is empty"
},
{
"id": "aria-labelledby",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "aria-labelledby attribute does not exist, references elements that do not exist or references elements that are empty"
},
{
"id": "non-empty-title",
"data": {
"messageKey": "noAttr"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has no title attribute"
},
{
"id": "presentational-role",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\" or role=\"presentation\""
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "critical",
"html": "<select id=\"ts-symptom\">",
"target": [
"#ts-symptom"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>\n Element does not have an explicit <label>\n aria-label attribute does not exist or is empty\n aria-labelledby attribute does not exist, references elements that do not exist or references elements that are empty\n Element has no title attribute\n Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\" or role=\"presentation\""
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "implicit-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>"
},
{
"id": "explicit-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element does not have an explicit <label>"
},
{
"id": "aria-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "aria-label attribute does not exist or is empty"
},
{
"id": "aria-labelledby",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "aria-labelledby attribute does not exist, references elements that do not exist or references elements that are empty"
},
{
"id": "non-empty-title",
"data": {
"messageKey": "noAttr"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has no title attribute"
},
{
"id": "presentational-role",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\" or role=\"presentation\""
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "critical",
"html": "<select id=\"ts-os\">\n <option value=\"linux\">Linux (any distro)</option>\n <option value=\"win\">Windows 10 / 11</option>\n <option value=\"mac\">macOS</option>\n </select>",
"target": [
"#ts-os"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>\n Element does not have an explicit <label>\n aria-label attribute does not exist or is empty\n aria-labelledby attribute does not exist, references elements that do not exist or references elements that are empty\n Element has no title attribute\n Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\" or role=\"presentation\""
},
{
"any": [
{
"id": "implicit-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>"
},
{
"id": "explicit-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element does not have an explicit <label>"
},
{
"id": "aria-label",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "aria-label attribute does not exist or is empty"
},
{
"id": "aria-labelledby",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "aria-labelledby attribute does not exist, references elements that do not exist or references elements that are empty"
},
{
"id": "non-empty-title",
"data": {
"messageKey": "noAttr"
},
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element has no title attribute"
},
{
"id": "presentational-role",
"data": null,
"relatedNodes": [],
"impact": "critical",
"message": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\" or role=\"presentation\""
}
],
"all": [],
"none": [],
"impact": "critical",
"html": "<select id=\"ts-when\">",
"target": [
"#ts-when"
],
"failureSummary": "Fix any of the following:\n Element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>\n Element does not have an explicit <label>\n aria-label attribute does not exist or is empty\n aria-labelledby attribute does not exist, references elements that do not exist or references elements that are empty\n Element has no title attribute\n Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\" or role=\"presentation\""
}
]
}
],
"coverage": {
"contract": "main-document-vertical-scroll",
"complete": true,
"positions": [
{
"y": 0,
"height": 5715
},
{
"y": 576,
"height": 5715
},
{
"y": 1152,
"height": 5715
},
{
"y": 1728,
"height": 5715
},
{
"y": 2304,
"height": 5715
},
{
"y": 2880,
"height": 5715
},
{
"y": 3456,
"height": 5715
},
{
"y": 4032,
"height": 5715
},
{
"y": 4608,
"height": 5715
},
{
"y": 4995,
"height": 5715
}
],
"scans": 11,
"max_states": 512,
"settle_ms": 5000,
"page_timeout_seconds": 150,
"layout_stability": "consecutive 100ms size samples within one CSS pixel",
"animation_settling": "finite animations present when scroll resources are ready finish or are cancelled",
"interactive_states": "not exercised",
"horizontal_scroll": "not exercised"
}
}
System Prompt
You are a lead web developer at a top digital agency, tasked with creating a one-page website for a new client based on the given specifications, delivered as an HTML file. First non-whitespace char '<', last non-whitespace char '>'. Use the following services to generate placeholder images where needed:
- placehold.co (text): https://placehold.co/[{w}x{h}|{size}][/{bg-color}/{text-color}]?text={text}&font=[lato|lora|montserrat|noto sans|open sans|oswald|playfair display|poppins|pt sans|raleway|roboto|source sans|source sans pro]
- picsum.photos (photos): https://picsum.photos/[{w}/{h}|{size}]?[grayscale][&blur={1-10}]
- pravatar.cc (avatars): https://i.pravatar.cc/{size}?u={identifier}
Choose sizes appropriate to layout.
User Prompt
Create a **complete, polished, production-quality** primary web page for a new client in the "Technology & Computing" sector.
Your goal is to generate the full HTML code for a page that is not just functional but also visually compelling, content-rich, and feels like a finished product ready for launch.
**Client & Category:**
- Industry: "Technology & Computing"
- Description: Tech news, software and hardware reviews, gadgets, and computing resources.
**Your Creative Task:**
1. **Invent:** Create a unique, professional-sounding site name and a strong tagline fitting the "Technology & Computing" category.
2. **Define Page:** Determine the most effective primary page type (e.g., homepage, service landing page, category portal) to showcase this fictional entity.
3. **Design:** Develop an opinionated, modern, and professional layout. Make distinct choices about structure and flow.
**Content & Structure Requirements (Deliver a COMPLETE page):**
- **Overall:** The final page must feel substantial and complete, with realistic amounts of text (multiple paragraphs per section where appropriate, avoid single sentences), well-integrated placeholder images, and logical flow. It should look like a real website a business would proudly use.
- **HEADER:** Include the invented site name, tagline, a logo placeholder image, and a primary navigation bar. Ensure the navigation has **at least 5-7 clearly defined, relevant links** including: "Reviews", "News", "Contact".
- **MAIN CONTENT:** Structure this area with **at least 3-4 distinct, well-developed sections**.
- Address key topics relevant to the "Technology & Computing" category. Consider themes similar to: "Tech News", "Developer Resources", "Hardware Reviews".
- **Content Depth:** Populate each section with **substantial, realistic text** (multiple sentences/paragraphs). Use authentic industry language and terminology like: "encryption", "cloud computing", "firmware update".
- **Visuals:** Integrate relevant placeholder images logically within the content sections.
- **Calls to Action:** Include clear and contextually relevant CTAs. Use strong verbs similar to: "Get Support", "Try Free", "Get Started".
- **ENGAGEMENT (Recommended):** Strongly consider incorporating **one meaningful interactive element** that would genuinely benefit a user in the "Technology & Computing" sector. Ideas similar but not limited to: "troubleshooter".
- **SIDEBAR (Optional):** If your design includes a sidebar, populate it with **useful, relevant content**. Ideas: "tech tutorials", "trending topics", "product launches".
- **FOOTER:** Include a professional footer with invented contact details, copyright (current year), social media links, and standard links (Privacy, Terms).
- **MODERN WEB PATTERNS:** Include modern web patterns like testimonial cards, feature grids, or FAQ accordions where appropriate.